These neurons have a single axon and symmetrical dendrites that extend from it. Each combines several elements of the basic neuron shape. However, there are five major neuron forms. Given the sheer number of neurons, there are thousands of different types, much like there are thousands of species of living organisms on Earth. Neurons vary in structure, function, and genetic makeup. These cells have highly developed dendritic trees which allow them to receive thousands of signals. For instance, Purkinje cells are a special type of neuron found in a part of the brain called the cerebellum. How many they have generally depends on their role. Neurons can have more than one set of dendrites, known as dendritic trees. Like antennae, dendrites receive and process signals from the axons of other neurons. Dendritesĭendrites are fibrous roots that branch out from the cell body.

Myelin helps axons to conduct an electrical signal. Many axons are insulated with a fatty substance called myelin. It joins the cell body at a specialized junction called the axon hillock. AxonĪn axon is a long, tail-like structure. It’s enclosed by a membrane that both protects it and allows it to interact with its immediate surroundings. Like other cell bodies, a neuron’s soma contains a nucleus and specialized organelles. The cell body contains genetic information, maintains the neuron’s structure, and provides energy to drive activities. Cell bodyĪlso known as a soma, the cell body is the core section of the neuron. However, nearly all neurons have three essential parts: a cell body, an axon, and dendrites.

Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their role and location. However, 2013 evidence suggests that some neurogenesis occurs in adult brains throughout our lives.Īs researchers gain insight into both neurons and neurogenesis, many are also working to uncover links to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. While this process isn’t well understood, we know that it’s much more active when you’re an embryo. The creation of new nerve cells is called neurogenesis.

Neurons can also receive these signals via rootlike extensions known as dendrites.Ī 2009 study estimated that the human brain houses about 86 billion neurons. Specialized projections called axons allow neurons to transmit electrical and chemical signals to other cells. While neurons have a lot in common with other types of cells, they’re structurally and functionally unique. Neurons, also known as nerve cells, send and receive signals from your brain.

Dendrite function